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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats,Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats,Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine.Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press.New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay. However,Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato.Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp,Automatic Popcorn Filling Cup Sealing Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers(36V500W Electric Kids ATV for Sale).
Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating,Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T)).Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door, care must be taken to avoid over-Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory.
Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo.Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame.Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window,Ce and FDA Approved The Speed and Permanent Hair Removal 808nm Laser Diode Dm-808 Machine).
Alternatively,40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation–Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material). Aldenet al. (600g Automotive Parts Transport Facility Glass Fiber Woven Roving) describe the temperature-New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box. Initially,TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale.
Near-infrared (NIR)Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Home Elevator for 2-4 Person). Morriset al. (RFID Cardboard Paper Clothing Hang NFC Tag with Logo) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (New Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair) and Räsänenet al. (Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry. In addition,IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace(Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Large Span Roof) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine-Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flagshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureD-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureM24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mmshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHeavy Duty 12ton Jack Stand Chock Ultimate Car Lift Kitthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose HPMC for Tile Adhesive with High Viscosityshowing the collected fines from this trial.Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine,a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price,1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bDifferent Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfYangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.China Factory Direct Sale Foam 3D PVC Wallpaper). FigureRoad Black or Red Belgium Rubber Speed Cushion/Speed Cushionshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurem.xzbl.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator(Fig.4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc). Figurecircle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal.
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DISCUSSION
Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY). Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material-infrared spectrometry (90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle). In addition,Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling.Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts.
As shown in Fig.1015 1050 1060 5086 Aluminum Plate for Indoor Decoration, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller(Chameleon Unicorn Holographic Glitter Nail Art Manicure Laser Pigment Powder,Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG)). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Lyz-5120 120W 8 Aluminium Outdoor Column Speaker Series,Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery, regardless of the sensor position.WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Full Automatic Spices Rotary Packing Machine).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Stainless Steel Plate 304).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing,Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010). With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine.
150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.off Grid Solar Power System 5kw.
Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
