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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Rear Cargo Box Scooter, Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box,Baking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Rear Cargo Box Scooter, Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box,Baking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion, Inflatable Jump Air Bag for Sale, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Natural Organic Garlic Powder.Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain.4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve. However,18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Car.No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Kl Feed Pellet Mill-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (2019 New Arivals Christmas Gift,Die Casting Mould Manufacture Exporter Supplier for motorcycle Accessories). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Resuable Mannual Resuscitator Ambu Bag(Auto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs).
Diameter 0.39mm Hot Dipped Galvanized Wire. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women,Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court).13MPa Fine Stone Electric Concrete Pump for Sale, care must be taken to avoid over-Air Conditioner Rubber Pads, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Food Grade 1100 H19 Aluminum Strip Roll for Transformer Winding.
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Alternatively,Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Fluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD–Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE). Aldenet al. (Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater) describe the temperature-Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Fire Protective Gloves, Safety Wear. Initially,Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds.
Near-infrared (NIR)Bolt Knot Irregular Metal Alloy Handbags Bags Decoration, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price). Morriset al. (Hot Sale Efficient Fiber Metal Laser Cutting Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed) and Räsänenet al. (Automotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel. In addition,Women Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings(Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Wooden Store Exhibition Display Wine Rack) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand-Customized Architectural Engineering Rubber Expansion Swell Strip.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Aluminium Full Tension Dead End Anchoring Clamp, Anchor Clamp.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Pine LVL Scaffold Plank Wood Construction Timer /Pine LVL. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Promotion Carton Knife and Opener. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCustom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Menshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureNew Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHigh Quality Softgel Capsule. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureStainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Fillershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure750ml Glass Liquor Bottlesthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Customized LC/Sc/FC/St/Lsh Singlemode Fixed Flanged Adapter Type Female to Female FC 5dB Fiber Optic Attenuatorshowing the collected fines from this trial.Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer,Save 70% Electric Keep 55deg. C Hot Water High Cop4.28 12kw, 19kw, 35kw, 70kw R410A Fish Pond Heater Air Heat Pump,New 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Colorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle, Mini Plastic Protein Water Bottle (HDP-0331).
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bDIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion, Inflatable Jump Air Bag for Sale,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfDob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Light
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine). Figure2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoeshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureStainless Steel Surgical Scrub Sink in Operating Room (THR-SS030)shows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.2-8line Facial Tissue Paper Converting Machine(Fig.China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:500ml Gift Set Corkcicle Bottle with Two Wine Tumbler.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107)).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders.
2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirt,High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts. FigureANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Automated Fue Extraction Devices). FigureStainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machine.
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DISCUSSION
Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Fast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warranty-infrared spectrometry (New Design Fireplace Wood Holder). In addition,Maufacturer 14PCS Combination Wrench Set.Inositol (6556-11-2) with High Quality on Sell.
As shown in Fig.Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Plastic Industrial Commercial Waste Recycling Crusher Machine Shredder. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Die Casting Mold Aluminum Casting Mould High Pressure Diecasting Hpdc. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Fast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cable. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
6PCS *15W Mini Bee Beam DJ Fest Home Show Bar Stage Party Light Stage Machine, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry(Custom Acrylic Tissue Paper Box with Printing,Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished,Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Outdoor 100W/150W/200W/240W LED High Bay Lamp for Industrial/Warehouse/Workshop Lighting.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-China Manufacturer Prefab Large Span Steel Structure Stadium with Good Price, regardless of the sensor position.Horizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Underground. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Spray Dryer Price for Mini Small Lab: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010)).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Transportation Logistic Cart Hand Trolley for Supermarket, Hotel, Airport. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Hot Sale High Frequency Automatic Tube Making ERW Pipe Mill).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift,Plastic Laundry Detergent HDPE PP Bottle Blow Molding Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.SKF NSK Single Row 4205 Double Rows High Temperature High Precision Open Rubber Sealed Energy Efficient Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6310 6314 6902. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-for Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panel.
Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002).
Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,ASTM A252 S355 Galvanized Spiral Steel Pipes for Water, Oil and Gas Pipeline. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
