Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet
andDigital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470tWater-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY)
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material,Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material,Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag.3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical.Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller. However,Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve.White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry,Geological Exploration Used Core Drills for Sale). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick(Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle).
Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Custom Protective Waterproof Silicone Rubber Phone/Electronic Housing/Cover Cases,Custom Screw).Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps, care must be taken to avoid over-Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4.
Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010).Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine.150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan,High Pressure Twin Welding Rubber Flexible LPG Gas Hose).
Alternatively,off Grid Solar Power System 5kw. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket–Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits). Aldenet al. (Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler) describe the temperature-EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training. Initially,Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen.
Near-infrared (NIR)Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber). Morriset al. (Cable Hdmi 5m Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine) and Räsänenet al. (Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO. In addition,Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery(0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Oscilloscope) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians-Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane.
24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve-Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA).
Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose
Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Wholesale Cheap Price Pumpkin Seeds Kernels in Good Quality. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock
Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureElectric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machineshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureBest Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureThermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureIce Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureA36 Q235 Ss400 Iron Angle Steelthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S)showing the collected fines from this trial.Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap,Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks,Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bAuto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfFocusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler). FigureInsulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureRefrigerated Display Showcase of Bakery Cold Cake Showcaseshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate(Fig.Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Sale for Xiaomi Mi 9 Mobile Smartphone Android Mobile Phone 128GB 6GB Unlocked Phone. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop.
10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant,Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP. FigureUHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves). FigureMPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um.
Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric
DISCUSSION
Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture-infrared spectrometry (High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine). In addition,HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar.Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine.
As shown in Fig.1000W 1500W High Precision Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Sheet Metal for Aluminium Stainless Steel Plates and Tubes, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine(2ml3ml5ml10ml Perfume Bottle Glass Spray Bottle Perfume Bottle Empty Portable Printable Liquid Bottle,2-8line Facial Tissue Paper Converting Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Modern Simple Bathroom Cabinet with Storage Drawer,Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W).
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply, regardless of the sensor position.Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Membrane Ultrafiltration).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder,Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.30kw Wind Turbine, 30kw Wind Mill. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump.
Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker.
Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors.Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.
The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch.
Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker-OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet.
Acknowledgments
Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit(NSERC)Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar.
References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
