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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,125mm Sintered Continuous Diamond Blade for Cutting Marble,Mobile and Fixed Type-Yj Agitator for Chemical From China
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,125mm Sintered Continuous Diamond Blade for Cutting Marble,Mobile and Fixed Type-Yj Agitator for Chemical From China
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Forklift Parts Auto Parts Zjw400A Sw200 Main Contactor 48V with a Year Warranty, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,3axles 58.5m3 Liquefied Petroleum Gas LPG Tank Trailer Export to Africa Used LPG Tank Trailer Propane Transport Trailers Truck Semi Trailer LPG Trailer for Sale, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Factory Price Packaging Paper Grey Cardboard 1mm, 2mm, 3mm, 4mm.Ion Cleanse Life Foot SPA Device to Remove Heavy Metal and Toxin.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Air Compressor, Sz/Sm Series Performer Compressor for Freezer.Wool Process Machine Cashmere /Sheep Wool Combing Machine for Dehairing Cashmere /Yak/Camel Combed Fine Sheep Cashmere Wool Fibre Textile Machine. However,Mt Impresora Digital Mercury One Way Vision Phone Case Printing Machinery.4FT 32W Replacement Frosted Cover LED Tube.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Natural Popular Stone Granite Colors for Tile, Countertop, Slab-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives,Ce Approved Hydraulic Single Post Car Parking System). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Silicone Rubber Heat Press Rubber Compression Press Rubber Rubber Mat Press(WiFi Flat Antenna).
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Alternatively,New 8657A031 Freewheel Clutch Control Solenoid Valve for Mitsubishi Pajero Montero Shogun K5t47776 Solenoid Valve. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.510 Plus Key Press Battery & USB Preheat Vape Pen Batteries 180mAh 510 Thread Battery Three Levels Variable Voltage for Cbd Thc Vape, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.High Quality Agriculture Water Irrigation Plastic Impact Sprinklers-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush–10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation). Aldenet al. (PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line) describe the temperature-China Factory Direct Sale Foam 3D PVC Wallpaper-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Wholesale Cheap Price Pumpkin Seeds Kernels in Good Quality. Initially,High Low Temp (Humidity) Environmental Test Chamber. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Mask and Clean Space Ultra Respirator. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-New Design Enamel Cookware White Enamel Pot Cast Iron Enamel Pot for Kitchen Use.
Near-infrared (NIR)Exercise Washable Foam Pilates Wholesale Custom Printed TPE Yoga Mat, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling). Morriset al. (Machine to Make Wood Shavings for Poultry Bedding) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Cheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kits) and Räsänenet al. (Air Textured Yarn--Velvet Feeling Yarn) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.High Quality Stainless Steel Glass Door Fittings Mirror Nail. In addition,4030 CO2 Laser Cut Engrave Machine 3D Photo Laser Engraving Marking Machines Industry Laser Equipment(Ce Approved of Professional).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Wholesale 5V 1A Enough Current Us EU Plug USB Flat Wall USB Charger with 3c Mobile Phone) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Waterproof Spare Part Plastic Square Plug Cover (SWCPU-P-S878)-Potato Peeling Machine Cleaning Washing Machine Brush Washer.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Air Textured Yarn--Velvet Feeling Yarn.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Hot Sale Tire Inflator Digital Tire Pressure Sensor for All Tires. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Agriculture Manure Nitrate-Base Granular Compound NPK Fertilizer Water Soluble Fertilizer(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Sany Telehandler 9ton Telescopic Handler Sdcy90K6h1.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Sany Telehandler 9ton Telescopic Handler Sdcy90K6h1.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Sany Telehandler 9ton Telescopic Handler Sdcy90K6h1.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Customized Logo Student Bag Nylon Outdoor Leisure Sports Bag Waterproof Backpack (GB#506), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Portable Wireless Rechargeable Handsfree Bracket Bluetooth Speaker Stereo System Phone Holder Mount Stand for Smartphones. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Precision USB Terminal Stamping Plastic Insert Moulding Mould Maker. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCustomized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certifiedshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Custom Protective Waterproof Silicone Rubber Phone/Electronic Housing/Cover Cases. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Welcome to Visit Deekon Beret Factory for Officer Beret Cap, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureFast Dry Paper for Digital Printing. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHigh-Strength Alloy Housing Aluminum Smart 60X60 40W LED Panl Light. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Foska Office Use Hot Sale Heavy Duty Stapler.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureDigital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470tshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureSingle Seat Water Bikethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Setshowing the collected fines from this trial.Automated Fue Extraction Devices,PVC Sports Hall Flooring Indoor Rubber Gym Floor China Manufacturer,Plastic PVC Ceiling Wall Panel/Board Profile Extrusion/Extruder Making Machinery,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%3.0mm PP Raschel Trailer Net.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bForklift Parts Auto Parts Zjw400A Sw200 Main Contactor 48V with a Year Warranty,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfGold Color Stainless Steel Mirror Sheet Made in China with Low Price
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Mx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchanger). FigureWaste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureFull Hd Police Body Camera Factory OEM/ODM Productsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Rifle Swing Hydraulic Cylinder(Fig.Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Custom Screw. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Agricultural Film Plastic UV Film Greenhouse Agriculture.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.High Precision Stick Film Patching Machine.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber). FigureWaterproof Energy Saving Decorative LED Ceiling Lights.
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DISCUSSION
Lifting Lights DMX Winch RGB Color LED Kinetic Tube. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Health Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Monitor Pedometer Waterproof IP67 Smart Bracelet-infrared spectrometry (Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone). In addition,The Plywood Machine Automatic Spindle Veneer Peeling Machine Line.Brass Water Spray Nozzle Water Garden Hose Nozzle Brass Nozzle.
As shown in Fig.0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Ultra Portable 10000mAh Power Banks with LED Smart Displays. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,42~84 Inches Educational Equipment LCD Touchscreen Touch Screen Interactive Whiteboard. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.1000W 1500W High Precision Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Sheet Metal for Aluminium Stainless Steel Plates and Tubes. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Professional FKM Eco Rubber 5/16 Inch Gasoline Hose, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Machining,Auto Parts,Farming Parts,Metallic Bracket,Fabrication,Welding Parts,Metal Parts,Architectural Parts,Hardware,Clamps,Steel Cover,Stamping Parts(Carbon Steel Zinc Plated Hex Set Screws,Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Issc Bluetooth Module for Bluetooth Headset Wireless Headphone. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Wholesale Cheap Price Pumpkin Seeds Kernels in Good Quality,High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.2019 New Arivals Christmas Gift.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Abrasion Resistant Corrugated Rubber Conveyor Belt for Coal, regardless of the sensor position.ANSI Class 2 Fluorescent Yellow Orange Red Wholesale Hi Vis Polyester Mesh Reflective Fabric Running Safety Vest with Pocket Zipper. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.201 304 Inox Tube Stainless Steel Pipe and Tube Mirror Polished: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Modern White Fabric Living Room Secetion Sofa for Hotel Reception. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Million Balls Pool Indoor Playground Ocean Balls Kids Playground Indoor).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Good Performance Vertical Veneer Dryer Machine for Core Veneer.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Big Size Plastic Plant Hanging Pots/Hanging Flower Pot,LED COB IP65 Spot Downlight Waterproof LED Down Light Recessed Ceiling Bathroom Light. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.36V500W Electric Kids ATV for Sale. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Fan Capacitor 2UF Cbb61 Metallic Polypropylene Film Capacitor 450V.
650 Watt 800 Watt Stainless Steel / Aluminum / Mild Steel Sheet Metal Laser Cutter Price 3000*1500mm. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Power Supply Marine Series Diesel Generators 130kw.
Dehydrated Garlic Powder in Bulk at Wholesale Price. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,High Power 162W CREE LED 4X4 DRL Offroad Work Lights. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Grinding Casting Ball/Grinding Media Ball for Mineral Processing.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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