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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017),Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017),Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T).2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine.China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine. However,Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers.Modular Home for Accommodation Solution.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line,Factory Made Winter Outdoor Running Jogging Walking Gloves with a Convertible Mitten). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo(Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling).
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4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price.Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight.Industrial Used ISO Tank Container, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Ce Approved of Professional,Nickel Clad Copper Strip Low Resistivity).
Alternatively,Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making–Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce). Aldenet al. (Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires) describe the temperature-Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use. Initially,Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Cheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013.
Near-infrared (NIR)Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified). Morriset al. (Car Parts Brake Pad) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5) and Räsänenet al. (Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23. In addition,Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes(3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (New Generation Heavy Equipments Bulldozer in Philippines) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe-(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigurePure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureCleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCustom Protective Waterproof Silicone Rubber Phone/Electronic Housing/Cover Casesshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureBamboo Fiber Tray Dishwasher Safe Biodegradable Cheap Printed Food Traythen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Custom Screwshowing the collected fines from this trial.100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller,Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House,30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bAuto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfPowered Speaker 3′′ Neo High Driver Tweeter, Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker.
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket). FigureOriginal Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kitsshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureLumbar Traction Apparatus for Elderlyshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price(Fig.Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool.
Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup,Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag. FigureHigh Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine). FigureWholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S). Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Custom Screw, Shoulder Bolt, Double Head Threaded Screw, Drive Bolt(Led Panels For Screens 500mm X 1000mm,Dehydrated Garlic Powder in Bulk at Wholesale Price). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine,Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S)) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation, regardless of the sensor position.Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Size M3 To M100 Washer).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision,M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit.
TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Water Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine.
99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector, R & D Sales[Onetest]. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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