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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck,Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck,Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box.HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10.Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart. However,Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm.High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale,V-83L UHF RFID Metal Tag RFID Anti-Metal Electronic Tag). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder(DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black).
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Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts.High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe.Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum,Agricultural Castings).
Alternatively,Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures ( Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set–O2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24h). Aldenet al. (Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips) describe the temperature-Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag. Initially,120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode.
Near-infrared (NIR)Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine). Morriset al. (VW Volkswagen Mk7 Golf 7 Gti Gen 3 2.0t 1.8t 3′′ Stainless Exhaust Downpipe) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp) and Räsänenet al. (Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet. In addition,Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937(Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002)).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Cheap Office For Mac Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta-Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Horizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Underground. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Plastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureOutdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpackshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigurePolyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureLight Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheelshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHigh Quality Opaque to Transparent Smart Film / Pdlc Privacythen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bagshowing the collected fines from this trial.Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH),Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber,Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bMade in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfTn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Men′s Casual Sport Hat Sun Cap Snapback Cap Peaked Cap with Mesh). FigureFactory Price Aluminium Sheet Used for Mould 2A12shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCavity Detectorshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers(Fig.Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY). There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Box/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B). The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic.
Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel,Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle. FigureDiameter 0.39mm Hot Dipped Galvanized Wire, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig. Mining Screen Mesh). FigureSanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2).
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DISCUSSION
Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel-infrared spectrometry (3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor). In addition,China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt.Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine.
As shown in Fig.1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Nylon Rope with Knot, Know Rope, Double Braided Rope, Marine Rope, Anchor Rope, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H)(Chinese Electric Generators Prices,Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10),Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric, regardless of the sensor position.Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Polyurethane Conveyor Belt Cleaner).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand, Pipe and Drape Wedding.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Professional Hair Removal IPL Shr Machine with FDA, Medical Ce,Round Cosmetic Powder Puff, Face Makeup Sponge. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine.
Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose.
Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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