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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw,16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw,16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750.Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter.Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches. However,New Design Fireplace Wood Holder.Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow,CNC Machining stainless Steel Parts CNC Machining Prototype). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4(Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash).
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Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies.Diesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator.Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design,High Standard High Quality 1.2 Ton Walkie Electric Stacker).
Alternatively,21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Polyester Lifting Round Sling with En1492-2 Standard–10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill). Aldenet al. (Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor) describe the temperature-Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security. Initially,Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment.
Near-infrared (NIR)Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water). Morriset al. (Anping Shenghua Factory Hot Sale Grassland Fence Netting Machine (SHA027)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Modern Simple Kitchen Cupboard TV Cabinet Side Table) and Räsänenet al. (China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board. In addition,Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier(Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Starter Motor Motorcycle) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting-Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG).
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG).
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG).
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureComputerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH)shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCustomized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureMl-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Welcome to Visit Deekon Beret Factory for Officer Beret Cap, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureAgricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Priceshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHigh Quality Machinery Uhs/ODU Oil Sealsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chainshowing the collected fines from this trial.Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection,Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar,Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bWholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfRubber Dic Return Roller
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms). FigureRotary Barrel Finishing Machinesshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSmall Spangle Stainless Steel Plateshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine(Fig.Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig. Bathroom).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Health Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Monitor Pedometer Waterproof IP67 Smart Bracelet). FigureHot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China.
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DISCUSSION
Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line-infrared spectrometry (16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck). In addition,Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet.Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys.
As shown in Fig.Industrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,World Flag Mini Car Flags(Keliqi 2.4V 80mAh Nickel Battery Cell Rechargeable,High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Automatic 18L Olive Oil Square Tin Can Packing Machine,230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder, regardless of the sensor position.Good Quality Lift Door Slider. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (0.3-6mm Thickness 100-950mm Diameter).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw,Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane.
Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring.
Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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