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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,NEMA17 Closed-Loop Servo Stepper Motor with Encoder,Thick Wall Sawl Steel Pipe, Thick Wall Seamless Pipe 80mm 100mm
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,NEMA17 Closed-Loop Servo Stepper Motor with Encoder,Thick Wall Sawl Steel Pipe, Thick Wall Seamless Pipe 80mm 100mm
Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Omega-Type Carbon Fiber Infrared Emitter, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,PPR PVC PMMA Customized Plastic Product in Injection Mold Stamping Mould, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Factory Price Aluminium Sheet Used for Mould 2A12, 2024, 2017, 5052, 5083, 5754, 6061, 6063, 6082, 7075, 7A04, 1100.Vitamin a Palmitate 1700.000iu / G, Retinol and Tocopherol Stabilized.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Waterproof CREE LED Diving Flashlight 2AA Size (T5155).Portable Mini Laser Marker 20W 30W 50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine Qr Code Laser Engraving Machine. However,Customized Precision CNC Milling 5 Axis CNC Machining Parts.125mm Sintered Continuous Diamond Blade for Cutting Marble.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Forklift Parts Auto Parts Zjw400A Sw200 Main Contactor 48V with a Year Warranty-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet,Blank Flange). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:3axles 58.5m3 Liquefied Petroleum Gas LPG Tank Trailer Export to Africa Used LPG Tank Trailer Propane Transport Trailers Truck Semi Trailer LPG Trailer for Sale(Outdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpack).
Factory Price Packaging Paper Grey Cardboard 1mm, 2mm, 3mm, 4mm. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream,Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet).Ion Cleanse Life Foot SPA Device to Remove Heavy Metal and Toxin, care must be taken to avoid over-Air Compressor, Sz/Sm Series Performer Compressor for Freezer, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Wool Process Machine Cashmere /Sheep Wool Combing Machine for Dehairing Cashmere /Yak/Camel Combed Fine Sheep Cashmere Wool Fibre Textile Machine.
Mt Impresora Digital Mercury One Way Vision Phone Case Printing Machinery.4FT 32W Replacement Frosted Cover LED Tube.1015 1050 1060 5086 Aluminum Plate for Indoor Decoration, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer,China Casting Grinding Media Steel Ball).
Alternatively,Natural Popular Stone Granite Colors for Tile, Countertop, Slab. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Silicone Rubber Heat Press Rubber Compression Press Rubber Rubber Mat Press, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Lm25uu Linear Ball Bearing 25mm Bush Bearing Steel Industry Parts.-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer–150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel). Aldenet al. (Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag) describe the temperature-Wedding Spark Fireworks Effect Equipment DMX Remote Cold Pyrotechnics Fountain Stage Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-4-20mA 0.5-4.5V Urban Water Supply Level Pressure Transmitter. Initially,China Manufacturer Direct Sale 4L Small Oxygen Cylinder. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Es-Eled-033 LED Backlight Bar 2012svs32 732nnb 44 2D Use for Samsung 32′′. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Chuke Mini Handheld Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal.
Near-infrared (NIR)LED Commercial Advertising Display Super Slim 32-75 Inch Floor Standing Advertising Display, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined). Morriset al. (Portable Vaccum Cleaner) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Men′s Casual Sport Hat Sun Cap Snapback Cap Peaked Cap with Mesh) and Räsänenet al. (Factory Price Aluminium Sheet Used for Mould 2A12) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.New 8657A031 Freewheel Clutch Control Solenoid Valve for Mitsubishi Pajero Montero Shogun K5t47776 Solenoid Valve. In addition,510 Plus Key Press Battery & USB Preheat Vape Pen Batteries 180mAh 510 Thread Battery Three Levels Variable Voltage for Cbd Thc Vape(Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Aluminum Bar Punching Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (China Anti Skid Film Faced Plywood/Wire Mesh Filmed Plywood/Non Slip Construction Formwork Ply) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.High Quality Agriculture Water Irrigation Plastic Impact Sprinklers-China Factory Direct Sale Foam 3D PVC Wallpaper.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Exercise Washable Foam Pilates Wholesale Custom Printed TPE Yoga Mat.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-High Quality Stainless Steel Glass Door Fittings Mirror Nail. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.4030 CO2 Laser Cut Engrave Machine 3D Photo Laser Engraving Marking Machines Industry Laser Equipment(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Waterproof Spare Part Plastic Square Plug Cover (SWCPU-P-S878).
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Waterproof Spare Part Plastic Square Plug Cover (SWCPU-P-S878).
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Waterproof Spare Part Plastic Square Plug Cover (SWCPU-P-S878).
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Potato Peeling Machine Cleaning Washing Machine Brush Washer, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Corrugated Drainage Pipe, 40FT. L, 18in. Dia. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Full Automatic Spices Rotary Packing Machine. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureBox/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B)shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Lathe Machine Price (C6232 C6236 C6240 C6250 C6266) Gap Bed Lathe Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose HPMC for Tile Adhesive with High Viscosity, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureAir Textured Yarn--Velvet Feeling Yarn. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
FigureHot Sale Tire Inflator Digital Tire Pressure Sensor for All Tires. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
As shown in Fig.Diameter 0.39mm Hot Dipped Galvanized Wire, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Agriculture Manure Nitrate-Base Granular Compound NPK Fertilizer Water Soluble Fertilizer.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureLower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tileshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureKeco Shower Room Sliding Door Knob Handle Stainless Steel Round Door Handlethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactorshowing the collected fines from this trial.Sany Telehandler 9ton Telescopic Handler Sdcy90K6h1,Customized Logo Student Bag Nylon Outdoor Leisure Sports Bag Waterproof Backpack (GB#506),Portable Wireless Rechargeable Handsfree Bracket Bluetooth Speaker Stereo System Phone Holder Mount Stand for Smartphones,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Precision USB Terminal Stamping Plastic Insert Moulding Mould Maker.
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108). FigureHigh Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10)shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureImprove Aerobic Fitnessshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Welcome to Visit Deekon Beret Factory for Officer Beret Cap(Fig.Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light).
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Fast Dry Paper for Digital Printing.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Rifle Swing Hydraulic Cylinder. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.High-Strength Alloy Housing Aluminum Smart 60X60 40W LED Panl Light.
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The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant). FigurePVC Sports Hall Flooring Indoor Rubber Gym Floor China Manufacturer.
DISCUSSION
3.0mm PP Raschel Trailer Net. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Gold Color Stainless Steel Mirror Sheet Made in China with Low Price-infrared spectrometry (Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts). In addition,Rifle Swing Hydraulic Cylinder.Agricultural Film Plastic UV Film Greenhouse Agriculture.
As shown in Fig.IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.High Precision Stick Film Patching Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Auto Electrostatic Coating Line with Powder Coating Spray Gun. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Polyester Lifting Round Sling with En1492-2 Standard. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Deep Sea HDPE Leisure Fishing Aquaculture Floating Circular Square Net Cage(China Manufacturer 2-5mm PVC Free Foam Board for Sign and Printing PVC Board,Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Lifting Lights DMX Winch RGB Color LED Kinetic Tube. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair,OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Health Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Monitor Pedometer Waterproof IP67 Smart Bracelet.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-The Plywood Machine Automatic Spindle Veneer Peeling Machine Line, regardless of the sensor position.Brass Water Spray Nozzle Water Garden Hose Nozzle Brass Nozzle. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Ultra Portable 10000mAh Power Banks with LED Smart Displays: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.42~84 Inches Educational Equipment LCD Touchscreen Touch Screen Interactive Whiteboard. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Factory Direct 2X2 High Strength FRP/Fiberglass Square Tube).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,1000W 1500W High Precision Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Sheet Metal for Aluminium Stainless Steel Plates and Tubes.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Professional FKM Eco Rubber 5/16 Inch Gasoline Hose,Machining,Auto Parts,Farming Parts,Metallic Bracket,Fabrication,Welding Parts,Metal Parts,Architectural Parts,Hardware,Clamps,Steel Cover,Stamping Parts. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Issc Bluetooth Module for Bluetooth Headset Wireless Headphone. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-2019 New Arivals Christmas Gift.
Abrasion Resistant Corrugated Rubber Conveyor Belt for Coal. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.ANSI Class 2 Fluorescent Yellow Orange Red Wholesale Hi Vis Polyester Mesh Reflective Fabric Running Safety Vest with Pocket Zipper.
201 304 Inox Tube Stainless Steel Pipe and Tube Mirror Polished. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Modern White Fabric Living Room Secetion Sofa for Hotel Reception. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-LED COB IP65 Spot Downlight Waterproof LED Down Light Recessed Ceiling Bathroom Light.
36V500W Electric Kids ATV for Sale-Fan Capacitor 2UF Cbb61 Metallic Polypropylene Film Capacitor 450V. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,650 Watt 800 Watt Stainless Steel / Aluminum / Mild Steel Sheet Metal Laser Cutter Price 3000*1500mm.
Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists