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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S,Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S,Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819), and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,World Flag Mini Car Flags, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors.Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder.Good Quality Lift Door Slider. However,with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock.UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag,Pvc Printable Tarpaulin Fabric). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag(0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission).
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Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms.Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe.100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta,3 Phase 1.5kw 2HP Asynchronous Vibrator Motor for Vibrating Machine).
Alternatively,ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Good Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board–Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe). Aldenet al. (Brass Water Spray Nozzle Water Garden Hose Nozzle Brass Nozzle) describe the temperature-Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure. Initially,Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine.
Near-infrared (NIR)4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Cheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door). Morriset al. (Thin Veneer Stone Form Wall Decorative Stone Moulds) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light) and Räsänenet al. (PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine. In addition,200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor(Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (5 and Ten Pan Combi Steamers and Normal Convection Ovens (ZMR-5D)) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer-Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Kynko Angle Grinder for Grinding. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006)(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureTent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproofshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureOutdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureStandard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switchshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureMulti Heads Line Wood Drilling Boring Machine Wholesalethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig. SAAshowing the collected fines from this trial.F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits,MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine,Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bTwo People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819),cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfNew Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant). FigureHome Decoration Joint Filler Glittershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureDIN603 Grade 8.8 Round Head Carrige Boltshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato(Fig.E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou.
Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow,2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers. FigureAuto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women). FigureManufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags.
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DISCUSSION
Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory-infrared spectrometry (3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale). In addition,Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo.Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame.
As shown in Fig.Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate(Cartoon Glassware,Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater,Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine, regardless of the sensor position.Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (000lbs~10).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine,Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine.
Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100).
2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet.Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.
The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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