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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging,High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging,High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter.High Precision Human Body Scale.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch.Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips. However,Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck.DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate,Light Bar). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble(Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S).
Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine,Dob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Light).DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt, care must be taken to avoid over-20000 lb 4 levels auto stacker, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Food Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging.
Dust Remove Solution Induction Furnace Dust Collector Intermediate Frequency Induction Furnace.Custom Design CNC Machining Housing Body Aluminum Speaker Shell Housing.Number Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toys, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader,Stainless Steel).
Alternatively,Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Modern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661)-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould–100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17)). Aldenet al. (Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings) describe the temperature-Standard Low Pressure Emulsion Electric Grease Oil Transfer Pump-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Fashion Top Sale Women Fashion Shopping Bag with Pouch Small Handbag. Initially,Hard-Anodized Aluminum Custom Spare Parts for CNC Machining. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard.
Near-infrared (NIR)2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Lubricating Oil). Morriset al. (A178 Carbon Steel Pipe Manufacturers Cheap Price) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line) and Räsänenet al. (Food Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag. In addition,New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment(API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Natural Organic Garlic Powder) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Automatic Car Panel Roll Forming Machine) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles-Cheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%1000W Raycus Fiber Laser Welding Portable Machine.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Fire Resistance Valve, Hose & Pipe Test Machine, ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922). The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Customized Doube Stainless Steel Handmade Apron Kitchen Sink, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Economical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Mats. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureG11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheetshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,CNC Machine aluminum Parts, CNC Turning Parts, CNC Machining Parts. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureKIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureIndustrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.WiFi Flat Antenna, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocketshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurem.dupont-painters.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.circle plate aluminium for traffic signshowing the collected fines from this trial.Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle,Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits,Double UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Line,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bTorque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfNew Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation). FigurePP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Lineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAluminium Sunshutter Roller Blinds for Window Curtain Decorationshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Sbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane(Fig.Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Ce Approved of Professional. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:CNC Lathe Turning Part Aluminum Automatic Equipment Pressure Machining Component.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5). FigureCustom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Rings.
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DISCUSSION
High Quality Plastic Additive Antioxidant 1010 CAS 6683-19-8. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron-infrared spectrometry (3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel). In addition,Small High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclave.2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1.
As shown in Fig.2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41). Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,OEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Liya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating(Fr4 PCB Fabrication Process LED SMD PCB Board Electronic PCB,Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set,Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.China Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA, regardless of the sensor position.Splitstar Fast Breaking Expansive Agent Splitting Powder. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Mx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchanger).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Lithuania Air Logistics).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,St Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process,Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.SBW Voltage Stabilizer (120kVA, 150kVA, 180kVA, 200kVA). With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft.
Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags.
220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S). As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Porcelain Station Post Insulators for Transmission and Substation. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
